High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure or hypertension is a medical condition in which there was an increase in blood pressure are chronic (long term). Patients who have at least three blood pressure readings exceeding 140/90 mmHg at rest is estimated to have high blood condition. Blood pressure is always high is one risk factor for stroke, heart attack, heart failure and arterial aneurysm, and is a major cause of chronic heart failure.



Blood pressure

On examination the blood pressure will get two numbers. Higher rates obtained when the heart contracts (systolic), lower figure obtained when the heart relaxes (diastolic). Blood pressure less than 120/80 mmHg is defined as "normal." In high blood pressure, usually there is an increase systolic and diastolic pressure. Hypertension usually occurs in the blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or above, measured in both arms three times within a few weeks.

Classification

Blood Pressure Classification by JNC VII In Adults [1] Blood Pressure Category Systolic Diastolic Blood Pressure
Normal <120> = 160 mmHg (or)> = 100 mmHg

In isolated systolic hypertension, systolic pressure to 140 mmHg or more, but diastolic pressure of less than 90 mmHg and diastolic pressure was still within the normal range. Hypertension is often found in the elderly.

Along with age, almost everyone has increased blood pressure, systolic pressure continued to increase until the age of 80 years and diastolic pressures continue to increase until age 55-60 years, then decrease slowly or even decreased.

In patients with diabetes mellitus or renal disease, studies have shown that blood pressure above 130/80 mmHg should be considered a risk factor and should be given treatment.

Setting blood pressure

Increased blood pressure in the arteries can occur in several ways:

* The heart pumps more powerful that drain more fluid in every second
* Large arteries lose elasticity and become rigid, so that they can not inflate when the heart pumps blood through the arteries. Therefore the blood in each heart beat are forced to pass through narrow vessels than usual and cause a rise in pressure. This is what happens in the elderly, where the wall has been thickened and stiff arteries due to arteriosclerosis. In the same way, blood pressure also increased in the event of "vasoconstriction", that is if the small arteries (arterioles) to temporarily shrink due to stimulation of nerves or hormones in the blood.
* Increased fluid in the circulation can cause increased blood pressure. This happens if there are abnormalities of renal function and is unable to dispose of salt and water from the body. The volume of blood in the body increases, so the blood pressure also increases.

Conversely, if:

* Reduced heart pumping activity
* Arterial experiencing widening
* A lot of fluid out of circulation

Then the blood pressure will decrease or become smaller.


Adjustments to these factors are implemented by changes in renal function and autonomic nervous system (part of the nervous system that regulates many body functions automatically).

Changes in kidney function

The kidneys control blood pressure in several ways:

* If blood pressure rises, the kidneys will increase spending on salt and water, which will cause a reduction in blood volume and restore blood pressure to normal.
* If blood pressure drops, the kidney will reduce the discharge of salt and water, thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure returned to normal.
* The kidneys can also increase blood pressure by producing an enzyme called renin, which triggers the formation of the hormone angiotensin, which in turn will trigger the release of the hormone aldosterone.

Kidney is an important organ in controlling blood pressure, and therefore a variety of diseases and disorders can lead to kidney pda high blood pressure.

For example, narrowing of the arteries that leads to one of the kidneys (renal artery stenosis) can cause hypertension.

Inflammation and injury to one or both kidneys can also cause a rise in blood pressure.

The autonomic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, which will temporarily:

* Increased blood pressure responses during the fight-or-flight response (the body's physical reaction to external threats)
* Increased heart rate, speed and strength; too narrow majority of the arterioles, but the widening of the arterioles in certain areas (eg, skeletal muscle, which require more blood supply)
* Reduce the discharge of water and salt by the kidneys, thereby increasing the volume of blood in the body
* Release the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which stimulates the heart and blood vessels.

Symptoms

In most patients, hypertension causes no symptoms, even if by accident some of the symptoms occur simultaneously and reliably associated with high blood pressure (when in fact not). Symptoms in question are headache, bleeding from the nose, dizziness, facial redness and fatigue, which could have occurred either in patients with hypertension, as well as to a person with normal blood pressure.

If hypertension is severe or chronic and untreated, can develop the following symptoms:

* Headache
* Fatigue
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Shortness of breath
* Restlessness
* Blurred vision that occurs because of damage to the brain, eyes, heart and kidney.

Sometimes patients with severe hypertension has decreased consciousness and even coma because of brain swelling. This is called hypertensive encephalopathy, which require immediate treatment.

Causes of hypertension

Hypertension based on the cause divided into 2 types:

1. Primary or essential hypertension is hypertension that is not known the cause (located at approximately 90% of all hypertension).
2. Secondary hypertension is hypertension caused by / as a result of other diseases.

Primary hypertension is likely to have many causes, some changes on the heart and blood vessels together probably cause increased blood pressure.

If the cause is unknown, it is called secondary hypertension. In about 5-10% of patients with hypertension, the cause is kidney disease. In about 1-2%, the cause is a hormonal disorder or the use of certain drugs (such as birth control pills).

Another rare cause of hypertension is Phaeochromocytoma, namely tumor on the adrenal gland that produces hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

Overweight (obesity), an inactive lifestyle (exercise lazy), stress, alcohol or salt in food, can trigger the occurrence of hypertension in those who have a reduced sensitivity. Stress tends to cause increased blood pressure for a while, if the stress has passed, then the blood pressure usually returns to normal.

Some causes of secondary hypertension:

1. Kidney Disease
* Renal artery stenosis
* Pyelonephritis
* Glomerulonephritis
* Kidney tumors
* Polikista kidney disease (usually inherited)
* Trauma to the kidney (injury of the kidneys)
* Radiation therapy of the kidney

2. Hormonal Disorders
* Hiperaldosteronisme
* Cushing's syndrome
* Phaeochromocytoma

3. Drugs
* Birth control pills
* Corticosteroids
* Cyclosporine
* Erythropoietin
* Cocaine
* Alcohol abuse
* Cinnamon (in a very large amount)

4. Other Causes
* Koartasio aorta
* Preeclampsia in pregnancy
* Acute intermittent porphyria
* Acute lead poisoning.

Bloods Gangs

As the Crips grew in South Central Los Angeles in the early 1970s, it began against other gangs. It was during this time of conflict that several gangs joined forces to combat the growing Crip threat. The most famous band in this group are Piru Street Boys. They lead the revolt against the Crips and was instrumental in the creation of blood-ties in 1972.

In the next 10 years continue to operate the blood and grow in a fragmented. Conflict with the Crips continued and the blood found much in the minority.

Violence exploded in 1984 between the two groups - between 1982nd It was during this time crack hit Los Angeles. Crackme or more of a rock cocaine cheaper and more addictive than the powder of the drug. Transition region are becoming increasingly important, because a lot of blood and Crip sets fought over drug sales locations. Some members moved blood in several major cities around the west coast to expand their drug use. To minimize attention from law enforcement authorities, leaving many blood gang members who apparently gang membership IDs, so that they can continue illegal activity with little fear of fear.

It was during the late 1980s that the blood has become a household name. Color film, staring Sean Penn and Robert Duvall was released which focused on the gang problem in Los Angeles. It was rumored that some movie theaters actually promoted the movie by offering a bandana participants movie. This is after the movie that many young people who do nothing with Los Angeles based band started their own groups of blood. Although many of these groups is nothing more than imitating childish group dress and slang they saw in the movie, some soon involved in violent activity and drug sales committed similar gang activity by original Blood gang members in California.

In 1993, a group known on the East Coast, a band such as the United Blood Nation. Born in New York's Riker's prison, Iceland, African American inmates created a group as a way to by the Latin Kings, to protect the most often in the prison at the time. Although the United Blood Nation (UBN) was born in prison, as a member who was released to the streets, they formed street gangs on the east coast with the same name, while copies of Los Angeles Blood lifestyle.

Although recognizing the majority of the blood-bands with the color red, the members do not always wear gang identifiers when engaging in criminal activity. On the West Coast members are more likely to use a bandana for identification, while some Blood sets on the East Coast will use a colored bead necklaces.

Although Blood gangs the same name, there is no formal leadership structure that controls all Blood gangs. A Blood gang member Springville Utah may very active in the gangster lifestyle, but have no connection to the Blood gang in the West or East Coast.

Blood will match the other groups involved in criminal activities, including their rivals, Crips, although most alliances quickly fade. The Blood known to be involved in all forms of criminal activities, but most known for drug sales.